CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS

Monday, October 26, 2009

Columbus, in an effort to find a way from Europe to the East, was accidentally met the American continent which makes it more influential in world history, to her surprise yourself. His discovery was also a crown of exploration and colonization of the New World and at the same time also is an important milestone in the history. Columbus is like opening the door to the European continent for two new settlements, scattered population and provide a source of mineral wealth and fill the earth which in turn changed the face of Europe. Coincided with that discovery also led to the destruction of the culture of the Indians. In the long run, the discovery that gave birth to a new nation in the Western hemisphere continents, which very quickly distinguish themselves with the Indians as the indigenous population. As a result, Columbus brought a big change for the nations in the Old World.

An outline of the story of Columbus is not a new problem. He was born in Genoa, Italy, in 1451. When leaving an adult, he became captain and a navigator who deftly. Columbus finally convinced it is not impossible to find a more practical way to areas in eastern Asia by sailing westward across the Atlantic, and he diligently pioneered the determination. Of course this great intentions would not be done without cost enough. That's why Columbus persuaded Queen Isabella I provide a budget for the expedition experiment.

His ship anchored off the port of Spain on August 3, 1492. Melabuh first in the Canary Islands off the coast of Africa. Weigh in the Canary Islands on 6 September and sailed westward direction speed. A cruise is not a long game, so no wonder if the crew was horrified and wanted to back it. Columbus? No! Travel must be forwarded, once rolled sails abstinence. And on October 2, 1492 is like a piece of green silk, looked at the bow of the land.

Columbus returned to Spain next March from the terrible discovery was greeted people with respect. After that he made a series of voyages across the Atlantic in the hope of setting foot in China and Japan. But in vain! Columbus kept insisting on his mind that he had found the route to East Asia long before anyone else knew.

Queen Isabella promised Columbus became governor of the island wherever he encountered. But, as an administrator he really so incompetent dismissed from his post and sent home to Spain with his hands shackled. But, when he got in Spain he was released just never given the post again. Rumor says Columbus died in poverty without any funds. When his death in 1506 - other news - there is also the little property
Clearly, the first voyage Columbus was a revolutionary change for the history of Europe, and even have a greater influence for the European continent. The children recite in school all year 1492 is important. However there are many possible objections to place names in the order of Columbus this book list.

One objection is that instead of Columbus the first European to discover the New World. Leif Ericson, Viking sailors, centuries before Columbus had set foot on the continent of America and so-so to believe some other Europeans had crossed the Atlantic in the days of Leif Ericson and Columbus.

From the point of history, Leif Ericson is not an important character. Matters concerning his findings have never spread, so did not leave any changes both in America and Europe. Instead, the news of Columbus' discovery of America as lightning spread throughout Europe. Only a few years after returning Columbus, and as a direct result of his discovery, many additional expedition arrived in the New World and the conquest and colonization even start.

Like the other characters in this book, Columbus susceptible to interference of various comments as if what he was doing other people do if Columbus had never lived in the world. European 15th century AD in a state of worry and berkemelut: world trade grew, the exploration of new areas is inevitable. The Portuguese were in fact very actively seeking a new path to the flow of the East, at the decisive moments before Columbus.

America is likely to sooner or later discovered by the Europeans; maybe even If there was a delay, it is time not so long. But subsequent developments will be very much different if the Americans found - say in 1510 - the expedition of the French or English and not in 1492 by Columbus. On the pretext of whatever is in fact Colombuslah who found the American continent.

The third objection is the possibility, even before Columbus' journey many of the Europeans the 15th century who had advised that the real earth is round shape. This theory has been expressed by the Greek philosophers of the previous centuries, and an unshakable justification of the hypotheses of Aristotle was enough to convince the European intelligentsia in the 1400s. Meanwhile, Columbus was not known who showed that the earth is round. (At least, he could not do it). He is renowned in the case of New World discovery, the good people of Europe the 15th century or Aristotle did not know anything of the American continent.

Columbus morality is not entirely admirable. He is famous miser. Nature is what caused him to have difficulty getting funding support from the Queen Isabella for Columbus' greed is too revealing when bargaining. Also - though not deserve accused by contemporary ethics measure - he treated the Indians with the cruelty that was

MICHELANGELO

No doubt, the leading figure in the visual arts in the cultural history of the "Renaissance," Michelangelo. Remarkably brilliant as a painter, sculptor and architect, left a fascinating work of each person who saw him for more than four centuries. His work has profoundly affected the development of painting and sculpture of Europe afterwards.

Born in Caprese, Italy in 1475, about forty miles from Florence. From the little talent was obvious, and at age thirteen he was an apprentice to the famous painter in Florence Shirlandaio. A year after that he lived in the palace of Lorenzo Medici, ruler of Florence who acts as his protector. Throughout his career of Michelangelo's talent no doubt about it. He often trusted by both the pope and secular leaders to design and create works of art. Although he lived in many places, some of its greatest spent in Rome and Florence. Died in Rome in 1564, shortly after he was past eighty-nine years. That old, not even been married.

Although he did not segenius Leonardo da Vinci the older generation, and the permissibility of Michelangelo keserbabisaan still very fascinating. He is the only artist, probably the only person, who could achieve peak performance in two different areas from each other. As a painter he was almost at the top, both in terms of quality and beauty of his influence on painters who came later. Large frescoes that decorated the walls of the Sistine church in Rome is - can not - the greatest artistic creations of past centuries. However, Michelangelo himself considered himself primarily a sculptor, and many critics who consider him the greatest sculptor who ever lived. The statue "David" and "Moses" it - for example - and the "Pieta" which is mashur artwork is not exceeded.

Michelangelo was also a great architect. One of the great work in this area is the design of the Medici church in Florence. For several years he also became chief architect of the church St. Peter's in Rome.

Make Micheangelo many poems during his lifetime, about 300 poems can be found. Sonnets-sonnets and other poems published after her death. All these poems clearly reflect his personality style, and Michelangelo had shown himself a talented poet.
Just as I explained in an article about Shakespeare, I believe that art and artists in general are not so much influence with the history of humanity and their lives everyday.

On the basis that Michelangelo - without setting aside the recognition of his greatness as an artist of genius.

KARL MARX

Tuesday, October 20, 2009

Karl Marx, the main pioneer of the idea of "scientific socialism" was born in 1818 in the city of Trier, Germany, his father and lawyer at the age of seventeen Karl entered the University of Bonn, is also studying law. Later he moved to the University of Berlin and then to a Doctorate in philosophy from the University of Jena.

Whether it was more interested, Marx plunged into the world of journalism and briefly became editor of the Rheinische Zeitung in Cologne. But, the radical political views bring him to the varieties of trouble and forced him to move to Paris. That's where he first met the first Friederich Engels. Rope friendship and equality binding on both the political views of this person as a single bilingual until his death.

Marx could not long stay in Paris and immediately kicked out of there and to be carrying a suitcase to move to Brussels. In this city, in 1847 he first published his thoughts are important and big The poverty of philosophy (philosophy of Poverty). The next year together to join hands with Friedrich Engels published their Communist Manifesto, a book that eventually became the reading world. In the same year Marx returned to Cologne and then expelled again from there only every few months. There exile after exile here, finally crossing the Strait of Marx Canal and settled in London until the end.

Although there are only a little money in thanks koceknya journalistic work, Marx spent a large amount of his time in London to investigate and write books about politics and economics. (In the years that Marx and relatives can help the cost of living from her closest friend Friedrich Engels). The first volume of Das Kapital, Marx's most important scientific works published in 1867. When Marx died in 1883, two volumes of the connection has not been fully completed. Both volumes were compiled and connections oIeh Engels published hold on the notes and manuscripts left by Marx.

Works of Marx formulated the theoretical basis of Communism. Judging from the tremendous growth of this movement in the 20th century, so if he's worth a place in the high order this book. The problem is, how high?

The main factor for this decision is the calculation of the importance of long-term Communist history. Since the growth of Communism as an integral part of contemporary history, was a little difficult to determine the future care perspective. Although no one could ascertain how much Communism can grow and how long it can survive this ideology, which he certainly is a strong ideology and tough and strong roots dig into the earth, and has certainly had a major influence in the world for at least several centuries to come .

At present, about a century after Marx's death, the number of people who at least influenced by Marxism has approximately 1.3 billion number. The number of believers is greater than the number of adherents of any ideology in human history. Not just the absolute numbers, but also as a group of the whole population of the world. This resulted in the Communists, and also some non-Communists, believed that the future can not Marxism will triumph throughout the world. However, it is difficult to establish the truth with the belief that no bergoyah. There have been many examples of the ideology that seems very important influence in his time but eventually wither and disappear. (The religion founded by Mani could be an interesting example). If we recede into the year 1900, would seem clear that constitutional democracy is the current fad that will be the future. Hold on to hope, it seems that way, but now no more people who believe everything has happened as the original image.

Now about Communism. Put a person believes so and know exactly how great the influence of Communists in the world today and the future of the world, yet people still question the significance of Karl Marx in the Communist movement. Politics of the Soviet government now seems not supervised by the works of Marx who wrote the basics of the mind like Hegel's dialectic of style and the theory of "value." Theories seemed little influence in the political wheel rotation practices Soviet government, both within and outside the political realm.

Communism today focuses on four ideas: (1) small Sekelumit rich people live in luxury in abundance, while the workers are very many poor live miserable wallowing. (2) How to dismantle this injustice is by implement a socialist system, a system in which the state-controlled production equipment rather than by a private individual. (3) In general, only the most practical way to implement the socialist system is through violent revolution. (4) To maintain the continuity of socialist system should be governed by the dictatorship of the Communist party in sufficient time period.

Three of the first idea was clearly articulated before Marx. While the idea came from the four Marx's ideas about the "dictatorship of the proletariat." Meanwhile, the length of period of validity of the Soviet dictatorship is now more a result of the steps of Lenin and Stalin than the ideas of Marx. This seems to lead to the assumption that the influence of Marx on Communism is smaller than the actual reality, and the appreciation of the writings, more like just etalasi to justify the nature of "scholarship" than the ideas and politics that have been done and accepted.

While there might be truth to that assumption, but it seems too excessive. Lenin, for example, not only consider themselves to follow the teachings of Marx, but he really did read it, live it, and accept it. He sure dilimpahkannya road just above the tracks are laid Marx. So did happen to Mao Tse Tung and the Communist leaders of the other. It is true, Marx's ideas may have been misunderstood and interpreted, but this sort of thing also applies to the teachings of Jesus or Buddha or Islam. If all the political basis of China government and left the Soviet Union directly from the writings of Marx, he would get a higher level of order in this book list.

Might be argued that Lenin, the practical politician who actually founded the Communist state, holds a large stake in the building of Communism as an ideology that is so great influence in the world. This argument makes sense. Lenin was an important figure. But, in my opinion, the writings of Marx's such a great influence on the mind not only Lenin but also the Communist leaders of other, clearly have more important position.

There is also an opportunity to debate whether the appreciation of Marxism terumusnya not be divided between Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. They both wrote "The Communist Manifesto" and Engels clearly had a deep influence on the final settlement of Das Kapital. Although each book in its own name individually but they are the intellectual partnership so intimate that the overall results can be regarded as a work together. Indeed, Marx and Engels are treated as a single entity in this book, although that include only the name of Marx because (I think I am right) he is considered the dominant partner in a broad sense.

Finally, often accused person that the Marxist theory in economics is very bad and a lot wrong. Of course, many specific allegations proved Marx wrong. For example, Marx predicted that the capitalist countries the workers will be more protracted in the time travel. Clearly, this prediction is not proven. Marx also takes into account that the medium will be exposed to and most people will enter into the proletarian class, and only a few can get up and go in the capitalist class. This was certainly never proven. Marx also seems to believe, the increasing mechanization will reduce the profits of capitalists, the trust is not only wrong but it also looks stupid. But, regardless of whether the economic theory is right or wrong, it had nothing to do with the influence of Marx. The importance of a philosopher lies not in his opinion but the truth lies in the question of whether his thoughts have moved people to act or not. Measured from this angle, no doubt Karl Marx had a tremendous importance wonderful.

GALILEO GALILEI

Saturday, October 10, 2009

This large Italian scientists may be more responsible for the development of the scientific method of anyone. Galileo was born in Pisa, in 1564. While studying at the young University of Pisa, but stalled because of financial affairs. Yet in 1589 he could be teaching position at the university. A few years later he joined the University of Padua, and stayed there until the year 1610. In this period he created a pile of scientific discoveries.

His first important contribution in the field of mechanics. Aristotle taught, heavier objects fall faster than lighter objects, and generations of intellectuals to swallow the opinion of the great Greek philosopher of this influence. However, Galileo decided to try first is whether, and through a series of experiments he concluded that Aristotle was wrong. The truth is, both heavy and light objects fall at the same rate unless until they reduced the speed limit due to a shift in the air. (Incidentally, the habit of throwing Galileo experiment objects from the tower of Pisa apparently unconsciously).

Knowing this, Galileo took steps further. Carefully he measured the distance of objects fall at the specified time and a proof that the distance traveled by a falling object is proportional to the number of seconds equal square falling objects. This discovery (which means uniform acceleration) has its own significance. Even more importantly capable of collecting the results of Galileo's discoveries with a mathematical formula. Extensive use of mathematical formulas and mathematical methods are essential nature of modern science.

Another major contribution is the discovery of Galileo's law of inertia about. Previously, people believed that the body moves by itself tends to be more slowly and completely stopped if there is no power that adds strength to keep moving. But Galileo's experiments proved that the assumption was wrong. When the power shifts, such as slow, can be removed, the body in motion tends to keep moving without borders. This is an important principle that has been repeatedly asserted by Newton and coupled with the system itself as the first law of motion one of the vital principle in science.

Galileo's discovery of the most famous is in the field of astronomy. The theory of astronomy in the early 1600s in an uncertain situation. Disagreement occurred between the adherents of the Copernican theory that the sun-centric and adherents of the older theory, the earth-centric. Around the year 1609 Galileo stated his belief that Copernicus was in the right side, but this time he did not know how to prove it. In 1609, Galileo heard of news that people found a telescope in the Netherlands. Although Galileo had heard only vague about the equipment, but thanks to his genius he was able to create their own telescopes. With this new tool he turned his attention to the sky and only a year he had managed to raise a series of large discoveries.

He saw the moon is not flat but lumpy, full of craters and mountains. Heavenly bodies, the conclusion, it is not flat and smooth but irregular as well as the face of the earth. He looked at the Milky Way and saw that he was not the sort of mist, but entirely composed of a large number of stars with the naked eye is as mixed and mingled with each other.

Then eye on planet-planet and Saturn appeared to him like a bracelet encircled. Jupiter glanced at his telescope and he knew there were four months of circling around the planet. Here the light-benderanglah him that celestial bodies can be spun around a planet other than Earth. The fun to be-so: staring at the sun and saw no spots on his face. Indeed there are other people who also saw the previous spots, but Galileo published the findings in a more effective and put the subject of sun spots that concern the world of science. Furthermore, his research shifted to the planet Venus has a similar term is the term months. This is an important part of the evidence that confirmed the theory of Copernicus that the earth and all the other planet rotates around the sun.

Illustration of the law of the lever Galileo Galileo learned from the book 'Conversations Mathematics and Demonstration'

The discovery of a series of telescopes and Galileo's discovery threw up the ladder of fame. Meanwhile, support for the Copernican theory led him to deal with the church who opposed an all-out. This church conflict reached its peak in the year 1616: he was ordered to refrain from spreading the Copernican hypothesis. Galileo was crushed by these restrictions for years. Only after the Pope died in 1623, he was replaced by someone who admired Galileo. The next year, this new Pope - Urban VIII - foreshadows even vaguely that the ban made no longer forced Galileo.

Galileo the next six years spent up important scientific work Dialogue About Two Important System World. This book is a great demonstration of things that include support for the Copernican theory and the book was published in 1632 with special permission from the church censorship. Even so, the church authorities responded with a furious attitude and when Galileo published a book directly dragged into the face of the Religious Court in Rome on charges of violating the ban in 1616.

But clearly, many church authorities are not happy with the decision to punish a prominent scholar. Even under church law at the time, the Galileo case in question and he just lightly sentenced. Galileo was not thrown into jail but just got under house arrest in his own house is quite nice in a villa in Arcetri. In theory he could not receive visitors, but in fact the rule was not implemented properly. Another penalty against him was a permintaarn publicly that he withdrew the opinion that the earth revolved around the sun. 69-year-old scientist was execute in open court. (There are famous stories that do not necessarily true that after Galileo took longer thinks he's down to earth and whispered softly, "Look, he's still moving!"). In the city of Arcetri he continued working in the field of mechanics he wrote. Galileo died in 1642.

Galileo's great contribution to the advancement of science has long known. The significance lies in the role scientific discoveries like the law of inertia, the discovery of his telescope, astronomical observations of the field and prove his genius to the Copernican hypothesis. And more important is its role in the development of scientific methodology. Generally, the natural philosopher bases his opinion on the thoughts of Aristotle and make a qualitative inquiry and the phenomena Uncategorized. In contrast, Galileo set of phenomena and make observations on a quantitative basis. Careful emphasis on quantitative calculations since it became the basic science investigation in the next period.

Galileo may have more responsibility than any person for scientific inquiry with an empirical attitude. It was he, and not the others, who first stressed the importance of demonstration experiments, he rejects the notion that scientific issues can be decided together with the power, if power is called the Church or the rules of Aristotle's arguments. He also balked against the schemes that use complicated reasons and instead rely on a solid experimental basis. Clever century scholars discussing the long-winded what should happen and why things that happened, but Galileo insisted on the importance of doing an experiment to ascertain what actually happened. Scientific view is not clearly obvious mystical, and in this connection he is even more modern than his successors, such as Newton.

Galileo, can be considered people who are religious. Apart from the sentences handed down against him and his confession, he did not reject both religion and the church. The refusal of the experiment only the church authorities to suppress science investigation efforts. The next generation is very reasonable Gahleo admired as a symbol of rebel against the dogma and the authoritarian rule of trying to imprison independence thinking. Its importance is more prevalent again is the role it plays in laying the foundations of modern scientific method.

ALBERT EINSTEIN

Monday, October 5, 2009

Albert Einstein, no doubt, the greatest scientist of the 20th century. Unparalleled scholar of past centuries. Including for the theory of "relativity" of his. Actually this theory are two theories are linked to each other: the special theory of "relativity" is defined in 1905 and a general theory of "relativity" that defined the year 1915, better known as Einstein's law of gravity. Both are extremely complicated theory, because it is not the place here to explain as it is, but a rudimentary description of the problem of special relativity there is mentioned a bit. Proverb says, "everything is relative." Einstein's theory is not just chewing on that phrase is almost boring. He means a definite opinion about the mathematical rules that actually relatively scientific. Essentially, the subjective assessment of time and space depends on the believer. Before Einstein, most people always believed that behind the subjective impression that there is space and absolute time that can be measured objectively with the equipment. Einstein's theory overturned revolutionized scientific thinking in a way denied the existence of the absolute time. The following examples illustrate how radical his theory, he asserted he revolutionized how we think about space and time.

Imagine a spaceship - mention his name X - gliding speed away from Earth at 100,000 miles per second. Velocity measured by an observer, both in the spacecraft X and on earth, and measure them simultaneously. Meanwhile, the other spacecraft named Y sliding speed in the same direction with the spacecraft X but with excessive speed. If an observer on earth measures the speed of the spacecraft Y, they knew that the plane was moving away from Earth at a speed of 180,000 kilometers per second. Observer on the spacecraft Y would conclude similar.

Well, because the spacecraft was traveling at the same time, it would appear that the speed difference between the two aircraft were 80,000 kilometers per second and faster aircraft that could not be moved away from the slower aircraft at this speed levels.

However, taking into account Einstein's theory, if the observations were made from the two spaceships, they will agree that the distance between them increases in size the level of 100,000 miles per second, instead of 80,000 miles per second.

This seems impossible. It looks like a joke. The reader is assumed as deceptive smells. Lest suspect there are hidden details. Actually, not at all! This result has nothing to do with the energy used to push them.

Nothing wrong observations. As a result, nothing was missing, damaged equipment or twisted wire. Smooth, plain, not misleading. According to Einstein, the conclusions mentioned above were solely as a result of the natural nature of space and time are calculated by the formula can happenings velocity composition.

Seems to be a theoretical virulence, and indeed of many years away from "the theory of relativity" is like away from the hypothesis "ivory tower," as if that theory has no significance at all. No one - certainly not - make the mistake until 1945 when he swept the atomic bomb over Hiroshima and Nagasaki. One of the conclusions "theory of relativity," Einstein is the matter and energy are balanced in the sense and the relationship between them is defined as E = mc2. E shows the energy and m indicates the mass of the object, while c is the speed of light. Now, because c is equal to 180,000 kilometers per second (that is a very large number of digits) by itself c2 (which means CXC) karuan just immense in numbers. Thus, although the conversion of a small part of the body can remove the amount of energy is enormous.

People karuan just could never make an atomic bomb or nuclear power centers simply hold on to the formula E = mc2. It should be also reviewed in-in, many people play an important role in the process of generating atomic energy. But, after all, Einstein's contribution was not doubting mind again. No one quarreled in this matter. Furthermore, none other than the one which Einstein wrote to President Roosevelt in 1939, showed the possibility and make atomic weapons as well as emphasize the importance for the United States as soon as possible make the weapon before Germany preceded. The idea is then to realize "Manhattan Project" which could eventually create the first atomic bomb.

"The theory of special relativity" inviting warm different opinions, but in one sense all agree, that theory is the most dubious idea that human beings ever formulated. However, each person was deceived because "the theory of general relativity" Einstein is the starting point of another mind that the influence of gravity is not due to physical strength in the usual sense, but rather a result of the curved shape of space itself, an opinion which is very astonishing!

How can we measure the form of curved space?

Einstein is not just developing theoretically, but poured into the mathematical formulation of clear and obvious that people can make real predictions and testable hypothesis. The next observation - and this is the most brilliant because it is done when the total solar eclipse - has repeatedly because it believed the truth right along with what Einstein said.

General theory of relativity stands apart in some ways with all scientific laws. First, Einstein did not formulate his theory on the basis of the experiments, but on the basis of symmetry and mathematical subtleties. Short rests on a rational basis as is usual habit of the Greek philosophers and the scholars do century. This means, different from the way Einstein with modern scientific methods of empirical view. However, there are also different: Greek thinkers in terms of beauty and symmetry pendambaan never successfully managed to find a mechanical theory that withstand the test of complex trial-complex, while Einstein could survive successfully on each experiment. One result of this approach is that Einstein's general theory of relativity is considered a very beautiful, stylish, strong and intellectually satisfying all scientific theories.

Theory of general relativity is also in some ways stands in isolation. Most of the scientific laws of another just about all valid. There was a hit in many ways, but not all. As for the general theory of relativity, all knowledge, fully accepted without exception. There was no unknown circumstances, both in terms of theoretical or practical experiments show that the predictions of the general theory of relativity is valid only approximately. It could be experiments in the future ruin a perfectly good result ever achieved by something theoretical, but as far as the general theory of relativity, clearly remains the most reliable approach for every scientist in his attempt to the last truth.

Although Einstein's very popular with the "theory of relativity" was, the success of his work in other scientific fields as well as made famous scientist in every aspect. In fact, Einstein got the Nobel Prize for physics in particular because of his written thoughts reveal the effects of electrical images, an important phenomenon which previously was a puzzle the scholars. In the work of Einstein's scientific writings prove the existence of photons, or particles of light.

Old assumption by experiments that halting said that light is composed of electro magnetic waves, and waves and particles are opposite concepts. While Einstein's hypothesis indicates a radical difference and so contrary to the classical theories. Not only did the law have proven electric images importance in use, but the hypothesis of a photon has a large influence in the development of quantum theory (the hypothesis that the radiation, electron energy released is not continuous but in a certain amount) are now part and parcel of the theory.

In terms of assessing the significance of Einstein, a comparison with the Isaac Newton is striking. Newton's theory is basically easy to understand, and his genius had appeared in the beginning of development. As for "theory of relativity," Einstein's extremely difficult to understand even by a thorough explanation and caution. More-more complicated if the original precis! When some ideas clash with Newton's scientific ideas in his time, his theory was never looked faded or wavered in his stance. On the contrary, "the theory of relativity" is full of conflicting things. This is part of Einstein's genius that in the beginning, when the idea is still an untested hypothesis that as young people dikemukakannya teens who are not completely known, he never let the contradiction that there actually is, and dumped his theory. Instead he's even very closely and carefully reflect on hold until he was able to show that this contradiction is only on course while the actual birth of each issue is always available to solve the contradiction in a way that subtle but clever and decisive.

Now, we consider Einstein's theory is essentially more "correct" than Newton's theory. If the case why Einstein put more down in the list order this book?

The reason for this is available. First, Newtonlah theories that are basic and peletak first stone of modern science and technology. Without the work of Newton, we will not see the modern technology today. Instead of Einstein.

There are other factors leading to why Einstein's position in the order as the reader witnessed. In many ways, the development of an idea involving a lot of people contributed thoughts. This clear example in the history of socialism affairs, or in the development of electric and magnetic theory. While Einstein was not 100% defined "theory of relativity" with his own brain, which is certainly the biggest part of it shares. It is fair to say that judging from a comparison of the importance of other ideas, theories of relativity mainly from the creation of one, the genius and the ace, Einstein.
Einstein was born in 1879, in the city of Ulm, Germany. He entered college in Switzerland and became a Swiss citizen in 1900. In 1905 he earned a Doctorate from the University of Zurich, but (strangely) can not achieve academic position at the time. In the same year he published a paper about the "special relative," about the photo electric effect, and the theory of Brown's motion. Only in a few years working papers, especially concerning relativity, has made him one of the most brilliant scientists and most original in the world. His theories are controversial. There was no world except Darwin scientists who had created a controversial situation like Einstein. As a result of that, in the year 1913 he was appointed as a professor at the University of Berlin and at the same time as Director of Institute of Physics "Kaiser Wilhelm" and a member of the Prussian Academy of Sciences. These positions are not tied to freely devote full time to investigations, whenever he likes.

The German government does not regret flush with a long line of Einstein's special position, because just two years later, Einstein managed to formulate a "general theory of relativity," and in 1921 he obtained the Nobel Prize. Throughout the latter half of his life, Einstein became the world's lips, and he's almost certainly a distinguished scientist who had come into the world.

Because Einstein was a Jew, his life in Germany became so insecure Hitler's rise to power. In 1933 he moved to Princeton, New Jersey, United States, working at the High Institute of Advanced Studies and in 1940 became United States citizens. Einstein's first marriage ended in divorce, only the second marriage had seemed happy. Have two children, both boys. Einstein died in Princeton in 1955.

Einstein always been interested in humanitarian affairs and the world around him often express political views. He is a steadfast opponent of the political system of tyranny, a staunch supporter Pacifis movement, and a steadfast supporter of Zionism. In terms of dress and social habits he was a individualistic. Like humor, simple, and there is a violin string talent. The inscription on Newton's tomb headstone that reads: "Enjoy the spirits as he left decoration for humanity!" was more subject to Einstein.

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ISAAC NEWTON

Thursday, October 1, 2009

Nature and natural laws hidden behind the night.
God said, Let Newton there! And everything will be bright.

Isaac Newton, the greatest scientists and most influential men who ever lived on earth, was born in Woolsthrope, England, right on Christmas day in 1642, coinciding with the death of Galileo. Like the Prophet Muhammad, he was born after his father died. In the boy he had shown real skill in the field of mechanics and very skillful with his hands. Although children with brains, the school seemed reluctant and did not attract much attention. When stepping baliq grown, her mother out of school in the hope that their children could be a good farmer. Fortunately the mother could be persuaded, that the main talent lies not in there. At the age of eighteen he entered the University of Cambridge. This is where Newton is quick to absorb what was then known to science and mathematics and also quickly began doing his own investigation. Between the age of twenty-one and twenty-seven years he has laid the foundations of scientific theory which, in turn, then change the world.

The mid-17th century is the period of germination of knowledge. The discovery of the binoculars near the beginning of the star that has revolutionized the entire opinion about astrology. English philosopher Francis Bacon and the French philosopher Rene Descartes both call upon scientists across Europe to stop relying on the authority of Aristotle, but to experiment and research on the basis and starting point for their own purposes. What was put forward by Bacon and Descartes, was practiced by the great Galileo. Use binoculars stars, new discoveries by Newton's astronomical research has revolutionized the field investigation, and he did in the mechanics sector has resulted in what is now known as "Newton's laws of motion" of the first.

Another great scientists, like William Harvey, discoverer of blood circulation affairs and governance inventor Johannes Kepler planet-planetary motion around the sun, presents very basic information for the scholars. Even so, pure science is still a favorite of the intellectuals, and still not be proved - when used in technology - that science can change the basic pattern of human life as predicted by Francis Bacon.

While Copernicus and Galileo had kicked aside some stray thought about the ancient knowledge and has served genah a better understanding of the universe, but no one ever thought the subject carefully terumuskan capable of turning the pile gurem understanding and baseless as to put them in a which allows the development of the theory predictions are more scientific. None other than Isaac Newton was the one who could deliver a collection of neatly summarized the theory and laid the first stone of modern science is now the current fad so people.

Newton himself rather reluctant to publish and announce the findings. Basic idea was drawn up long before the year 1669 but a lot of new theories are public knowledge for years afterward. The first publishing his findings were concerned was returned penjungkir old assumptions about things light. In a series of careful experiments, Newton discovered the fact that what is commonly called the "white light" is actually nothing more than a mixture of all colors are contained in the rainbow. And he was a very careful analysis of the legal consequences of reflection and refraction of light. This law holds to her - in 1668 - designed and well built the first reflecting telescope, binoculars model used by most of the star-kemintang investigators today. This discovery, along with the results obtained in the field of optical experiments that have diperagakannya, dedicated by him to the British royal institute researchers when he was twenty-nine years.

Newton's success in the field of optics may be sufficient just to put Newton on the order of this book list. Meanwhile there are still discoveries that are less important in the field of pure mathematics and in the field of mechanics. Greatest offerings in the field of mathematics is the discovery of "integral calculus" which may be solved when he was twenty-three or twenty-four years. This discovery is the most important works in the field of modern mathematics. Not just like a seed that grows from it the modern mathematical theory, but also furniture without the inevitable progress of his invention of modern knowledge which comes up is impossible. Even Newton did not do anything any more, the discovery of "integral calculus" It's just been sufficient to lead to higher steps in this book is a chronological list.

But Newton's discoveries were most important in the field of mechanics, the knowledge about the movement of an object. Galileo was the first discoverer of the laws of motion describing an object when it is not influenced by outside forces. Of course, basically all objects are influenced by outside forces and the most important issue in mechanical affairs is how objects move under the circumstances. This problem is solved by Newton's laws of motion in the second and famous and can be regarded as classical laws of physics the most important. The second law (in matcmatik described with the equation F = ma) specify that the acceleration of an object is equal to the net force divided by mass of the object. Of Newton's second law adds three famous laws of motion (asserts that in every action, such as physical strength, there is the same reaction to the contrary) and the most famous discoveries of scientific principles of universal law of gravity. All four devices are legal, if combined, would form a unified system applicable for the entire macro mechanical systems, ranging from the pendulum to the motion pergoyangan planet-planet in orbit around the sun that can be monitored and the move was predictable. Newton did not just set the laws of mechanics, but he himself also used a mathematical calculus, and shows that the fundamental formulas can be used for solving the problem.

Newton's laws can and are used in large-scale scientific fields and different areas of the design of technical equipment. In his lifetime, the most dramatic pemraktekan is in the field of astronomy. In this sector, even Newton standing at the front. Year 1678 Newton published his famous mathematical principles of natural philosophy (usually summarized Principia only). In Newton's book suggests that his theory of gravity and the laws of the laws of motion. He shows how these laws can be used to accurately predict the movements of satellite-planet around the sun. The main problem astronomical movements is how to estimate the precise position and movement of stars and planetary kemintang-sphere, thus completely solved by Newton only once snapped. Top of his work was Newton is often considered the greatest astronomer of all the greatest.

What our assessment of the significance of Newton scholarship? If we open the index free open knowledge, we will find particulars about Newton and his laws and the findings of two or three times more numerous than the particulars of any scientist. Great scholars word that Leibniz was not even close to Newton has been involved in a heated argument: "Of all the matters relating to mathematics from the developing world to start the Newton, that the best contribution." Also praise given by the great French scholar, Laplace: "The book Newton's Principia was far above all a product of human genius in the world." And Langrange often said that Newton was the greatest genius who ever lived. While Ernst Mach in his writing in 1901 said, "All the mathematical problem is solved since the time of his life is the basis for the development of mechanics based on Newton's laws." This may be the major discovery of the most intricate Newton: he found a container of separation between fact and law, to describe some of the magic but not much help to make allegations, he left to us the continuum laws that could be used for problems in space physics scope of a vast secret and contains the possibility to make guesses right.

In this brief description, is impossible to disclose in detail the findings of Newton. As a result, many of the works rather less famous are forced to set aside even have an important meaning in terms of discoveries in the field of their own problems. Newton also gave a big contribution in the field of thermodinamika (investigation of the heat) and in the field of acoustics (the science of sound). And he was also the presenting a clear explanation of how crystal physics principles of "preserving" the amount of wasted motion and not to "preserving" the amount of motion something that angle. Queue this finding could be extended if you want more: Newtonlah people found the binomial theorem in mathematics is very logical and justifiable. Want to add more? He also, none other than, the first to convincingly articulate the origin Happenings stars.